'Ákïmel and Tóhono 'Ó'odham

I.  Uto-aztecan speaking residents of the Gila, Santa Cruz, and Salt Rivers and some surrounding Sonoran desert area in modern day Arizona and Northern Mexico.

A.  Ancestors may be the Hohokam.  Seems most likely except for the shift from funerary cremation to interment.

1. Hohokam collapse of 650 BP.

2.  Perhaps disease related or maybe environmental ruin.

3.  Agriculturalists.

B.  Tóhono 'ó'odham (Papago)  split off from 'ákïmel 'ó'odham (Pima) in historic times.

C.  Contacted by Spanish in 1687- degree of contact varied.

1. Jesuits established two dozen missions or visitas before 1767 expulsion.

2.  Many anti-European revolts

3.  Gold strike  of 1737 drew many immigrants.

4.  Created truce with Apache neighbors.

5.  Introduced wheat, cattle, and horses which persisted.

D.  Mexican contact in 1821 - 1848

1.  Many Mexican immigrants into the area.

2.  Resulted in armed confrontation until Tóhono 'ó'odham capitulation.

3. Much intermarriage.

E.  American Period begins 1848.

1.  Gold rush brings immediate statehood for Arizona.

II. Arts reflect lifestyle.

A.  Baskets highest form of artistic expression.

1.  usually female made. but men help peripherally.

2.  coiled on a bundle warp.

    martynia for black and yucca for white.

3.  white with black designs.

    a.  maze patterns with one anthropomorph predominate.

    b.  relate to stories of elder brother and his house.